“Growers who have had a strong focus on liming are in a maintenance phase with reduced application rates. Others may now be in a position where they can invest in fixing problem areas with lime, and incorporating to depth,” Juliet says.
“Many growers and consultants target pH to maximise root exploration, nutrient availability and microbial activity. The challenge now is to see if we can achieve this to depth,” she says.
“We definitely still see cases of root pruning due to aluminium toxicity caused by acidity, especially in canola and drier years, so we still have a way to go with our liming and amelioration.
“Roots that are pruned by aluminium can’t explore the soil and find the nutrients and water they need.
“Canola roots start to become impacted with aluminium levels of 3ppm, and with wheat it’s at 5ppm.”
Juliet says the key now is identifying areas which still needed amending and applying the right amount of lime – as well as ameliorating where possible – to ensure maximum returns.
“Fixing subsoil pH is more difficult, especially on heavier soil types,” she explains.
“Amelioration is the key to getting lime to depth, but you are dealing with rocks, gravel and harder country – and this is where machines like the Tigers and Terralands are helping to get lime deeper into subsoils, so the limesand can do its work.”
She says with these soil amendment activities, farmers also needed to be aware of the potential implications of liming and amelioration on soil nutrition.
“On lighter soils, various growers are applying more nutrients and trace elements before they ameliorate, getting extra phosphorus, potassium, copper and manganese at depth, whereas on the heavier land, it’s more about just getting the lime down where it’s acid.”
Juliet says ameliorated soils often produced significantly higher crop yields and farmers needed to remember this would result in increased crop nutrient demands for the following season.
“After ameliorating, we can get a 0.5-1 tonne per hectare yield improvement and then forget, the following season, to feed the crop a bit more,” she adds.
“We need to ensure we are replacing the nutrients that have been removed. Bigger stubble loads can also tie-up nutrients, so we need to take into account the extra 5 kilograms of nitrogen/ha per tonne required, especially at the start of the season.”
In the West Midlands, she says gravel soils can yield 5t/ha, sand-over-gravel 3t/ha and lighter sand just 1.5t/ha, “so the nutrient removal can be two to three times greater”.
“For areas producing a 5t/ha crop, you need to replace 500kg/ha of lime, and 150kg/ha for areas yielding 1.5t/ha – and this is where variable rate lime applications can come to the fore. It’s just about getting the baseline soil measurements and cross checking it with the yield data,” Juliet says.
“Everyone is on a different part of their lime journey, but as growers update their spreaders or airseeders, they all come with the capacity to vary application rates.”
Looking to the future, she said it also could prove beneficial to complete more significant lime applications ahead of potential emissions implications for broadacre agriculture.
“The application of lime produces carbon dioxide, so this will have an influence and add to our emissions output if we get to the point of calculating and reporting our emissions.”
