Former cabinet minister Ed Husic, now a backbencher, sought to bring forward public discussion about the party's position on Israeli actions, including adding a reference to "genocide" against Palestinians.
But factional leaders within Labor blocked it being debated on the conference floor during the three-day meet, which ended on Saturday.
Aside from a debate on allowing telehealth to be used for voluntary assisted dying, all amendments at the conference passed without opposition.
Anthony Albanese said party members were on the same page during the conference.
"This is the most transparent political conference in Australia by far," he told the ABC's Insiders program on Sunday.
"It compares to the closed-door meetings of the Liberals or Nationals.
"The party has changed and one of the things that's happened in the party is we are more cohesive, more united than we've ever been before."
Mr Husic said he would remain in the party but urged fellow members to maintain pressure over Labor's platform.
"I've seen some of the big debates and big issues of the time being discussed on the floor of the conference," he said on Saturday after his amendment was quashed.
"I have been surprised at the extraordinary amount of energy that has been applied to stop this, as opposed to talking about this."
But the prime minister said the party's position on Israel and Palestine was significant.
"The party platform has got the balance right," he said.
The policy adopted by Labor delegates noted the party's opposition to Israeli annexation of Palestinian territories and called for illegal settlement activity to end.
Opposition home affairs spokesman Jonathon Duniam said the prime minister ruled his party with an "iron fist" and any dissent at the conference was quickly shut down.
"There's not one area of that entire organisation that he does not manage or have some degree of control over," he told Sky News.
"Clearly all the stops were pulled in order to manage the one fly in the ointment last week, and that was Ed Husic."
South Australian Premier Peter Malinauskas said debates were still happening at the Labor summit, just not on the conference floor.
"There is plenty of debate, but it's not necessarily happening in full public view, and that is a representation of a united discipline out there," he said.
"Debates that happen on the conference floor about motions associated with the Gaza Strip, I don't think is the main focus or concern of Australia.
"That's not to suggest it's not important. It's not the main game."
Australia/Israel and Jewish Affairs Council executive director Colin Rubenstein said it was a relief the motion proposed by Mr Husic did not get off the ground.
"(The amendment) would have further eroded Australia's long-standing bipartisan approach to the Israeli-Palestine conflict," he said.
"Nonetheless, we are deeply disappointed that the national conference has still adopted changes to the ALP national platform that removed these explicit calls for Hamas's disarmament."
The threat of One Nation also loomed large over the conference, with Labor members urged to make the case for meaningful change to voters.
Pauline Hanson's party has led Labor on primary vote share in several recent opinion polls.
Labor's national secretary Paul Erickson said a future partnership between the coalition and the anti-immigration party was likely.
"The polls show that neither of them can win without the other, and because they share an agenda," he said.